Womens educational attainment vs fertility, annual growth rate by country
The year-on-year percentage change in Womens educational attainment vs fertility. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Countries reporting
235
Highest
8.92 % change on previous year
Ukraine
Lowest
-10.86 % change on previous year
Belgium
Median
-1.06 % change on previous year
Years covered
73
1951–2023
Data points
17,228
What the numbers show
Womens educational attainment vs fertility, annual growth rate is currently reported for 235 countries. The highest value is 8.92 % change on previous year in Ukraine; the lowest is -10.86 % change on previous year in Belgium.
The median across all reporting countries is -1.06 % change on previous year, and the mean is -1.21 % change on previous year.
Over the past decade 118 countries rose and 116 fell. The largest increase was in United Arab Emirates (up 1,487.9%), and the largest decrease in Algeria (down 5,524.1%).
Womens educational attainment vs fertility, annual growth rate: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ukraine | 8.92 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 1,148.3% | volatile |
| 2 | Saudi Arabia | 6.54 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 265.3% | volatile |
| 3 | United Arab Emirates | 4.53 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 1,487.9% | volatile |
| 4 | Portugal | 3.79 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 175.5% | volatile |
| 5 | Oman | 3.1 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 249.5% | volatile |
| 6 | Uzbekistan | 3.06 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 33.7% | volatile |
| 7 | Poland | 3.01 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 208.2% | volatile |
| 8 | Belize | 2.98 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 722.5% | volatile |
| 9 | Switzerland | 2.72 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 790.1% | volatile |
| 10 | Republic of Moldova | 2.18 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 193.0% | volatile |
| 11 | Greece | 1.99 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 150.4% | volatile |
| 12 | British Virgin Islands | 1.95 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 226.6% | volatile |
| 13 | Cuba | 1.91 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 219.0% | volatile |
| 14 | Saint Barthélemy | 1.52 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 112.2% | volatile |
| 15 | Hong Kong (China) | 1.27 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 73.5% | volatile |
| 16 | Argentina | 1.21 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 9.7% | volatile |
| 17 | San Marino | 1.14 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 92.4% | volatile |
| 18 | Andorra | 1.03 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 111.0% | volatile |
| 19 | Spain | 0.6639 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 121.3% | volatile |
| 20 | Liechtenstein | 0.5232 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 115.2% | volatile |
| 21 | Slovenia | 0.5102 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 123.8% | volatile |
| 22 | Jersey | 0.4396 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 127.0% | volatile |
| 23 | Luxembourg | 0.4317 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 130.8% | volatile |
| 24 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.3376 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 83.7% | volatile |
| 25 | Bermuda | 0.2863 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 172.9% | volatile |
| 26 | Ireland | 0.2509 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 108.9% | volatile |
| 27 | Dominica | 0.135 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 105.0% | volatile |
| 28 | New Zealand | 0.1201 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 103.0% | volatile |
| 29 | Puerto Rico | 0.1064 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 102.4% | volatile |
| 30 | Australia | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 30 | Egypt | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 30 | United Kingdom | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 30 | Macau (China) | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 30 | Malaysia | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 30 | Singapore | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 30 | Slovakia | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 30 | Türkiye | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 30 | Taïwan | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 40 | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | -0.0611 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 117.2% | volatile |
| 41 | Yemen | -0.0653 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 69.7% | volatile |
| 42 | Curaçao | -0.0931 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 97.9% | volatile |
| 43 | Antigua and Barbuda | -0.1266 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 98.2% | volatile |
| 44 | Central African Republic | -0.1826 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 139.4% | volatile |
| 45 | Monaco | -0.1892 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 122.8% | volatile |
| 46 | Russian Federation | -0.2066 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 120.8% | volatile |
| 47 | Romania | -0.233 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 92.0% | volatile |
| 48 | Barbados | -0.2336 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 102.2% | volatile |
| 49 | Malta | -0.2725 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 92.8% | volatile |
| 50 | Cyprus | -0.2872 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 94.9% | volatile |
| 51 | Armenia | -0.2909 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 121.8% | volatile |
| 52 | Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | -0.2959 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 129.0% | volatile |
| 53 | Kyrgyzstan | -0.3559 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 65.7% | volatile |
| 54 | Bailiwick of Guernsey | -0.3658 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 62.0% | volatile |
| 55 | Gibraltar | -0.3694 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 107.4% | volatile |
| 56 | Costa Rica | -0.3745 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 90.4% | volatile |
| 57 | Sint Maarten | -0.4129 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 87.6% | volatile |
| 58 | Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | -0.431 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 77.2% | volatile |
| 59 | Bahamas | -0.4351 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 66.7% | volatile |
| 60 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | -0.463 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 74.4% | volatile |
| 61 | South Africa | -0.4939 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 36.4% | volatile |
| 62 | Sri Lanka | -0.504 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 319.1% | volatile |
| 63 | Maldives | -0.5054 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 85.8% | volatile |
| 64 | Isle of Man | -0.5141 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 76.0% | volatile |
| 65 | Albania | -0.5166 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 140.4% | volatile |
| 66 | Virgin Islands U.S. | -0.5236 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 52.8% | volatile |
| 67 | Iran (Islamic Republic of) | -0.5282 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 115.8% | volatile |
| 68 | Georgia | -0.5495 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 116.6% | volatile |
| 69 | El Salvador | -0.5602 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 62.9% | volatile |
| 70 | Qatar | -0.575 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 46.6% | volatile |
| 71 | Saint Lucia | -0.5768 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 72 | Marshall Islands | -0.579 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 85.5% | volatile |
| 73 | Réunion | -0.5944 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 5.4% | volatile |
| 74 | Brazil | -0.6139 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 116.8% | volatile |
| 75 | Saint Pierre and Miquelon | -0.6275 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 80.2% | volatile |
| 76 | Cayman Islands | -0.6489 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 88.4% | volatile |
| 77 | Philippines | -0.6739 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 79.0% | volatile |
| 78 | Norway | -0.7067 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 80.8% | volatile |
| 79 | Cabo Verde | -0.7175 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 82.0% | volatile |
| 80 | Viet Nam | -0.7265 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 209.9% | volatile |
| 81 | Anguilla | -0.7278 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 79.8% | volatile |
| 82 | Bangladesh | -0.7343 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 3.9% | volatile |
| 83 | Thailand | -0.7371 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 68.9% | volatile |
| 84 | Martinique | -0.7411 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 34.6% | volatile |
| 85 | Myanmar | -0.7508 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 42.4% | volatile |
| 86 | Trinidad and Tobago | -0.7772 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 108.4% | volatile |
| 87 | Aruba | -0.805 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 141.5% | volatile |
| 88 | Lesotho | -0.81 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 105.4% | volatile |
| 89 | Tunisia | -0.8121 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 156.0% | volatile |
| 90 | Bahrain | -0.8157 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 130.7% | volatile |
| 91 | American Samoa | -0.8243 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 77.4% | volatile |
| 92 | Honduras | -0.8723 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 64.5% | volatile |
| 93 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | -0.8934 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 169.7% | volatile |
| 94 | Nepal | -0.8991 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 63.7% | volatile |
| 95 | Paraguay | -0.9002 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 8.8% | volatile |
| 96 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | -0.9008 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 84.6% | volatile |
| 97 | New Caledonia | -0.9009 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 43.3% | volatile |
| 98 | Wallis and Futuna | -0.9136 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 92.0% | volatile |
| 99 | French Polynesia | -0.9241 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 79.0% | volatile |
| 100 | Faroe Islands | -0.9288 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 25.0% | volatile |
| 101 | Panama | -0.935 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 10.1% | volatile |
| 102 | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | -0.946 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 256.1% | volatile |
| 103 | Turks and Caicos Islands | -0.9479 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 67.7% | volatile |
| 104 | India | -0.9529 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 66.9% | volatile |
| 105 | Brunei Darussalam | -0.9637 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 480.3% | volatile |
| 106 | Greenland | -0.965 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 275.5% | volatile |
| 107 | Mayotte | -0.9655 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 159.3% | volatile |
| 108 | Nicaragua | -0.9821 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 29.1% | volatile |
| 109 | Guadeloupe | -0.9953 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 204.0% | volatile |
| 110 | Grenada | -0.9987 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 63.6% | volatile |
| 111 | Azerbaijan | -1.01 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 459.8% | volatile |
| 112 | Bulgaria | -1.02 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 15.1% | volatile |
| 113 | Jamaica | -1.02 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 70.5% | volatile |
| 114 | Indonesia | -1.02 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 64.7% | volatile |
| 115 | Guyana | -1.03 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 377.1% | volatile |
| 116 | Palau | -1.04 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 143.4% | volatile |
| 117 | Fiji | -1.04 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 240.0% | volatile |
| 118 | Dominican Republic | -1.06 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 14.9% | volatile |
| 119 | Lebanon | -1.06 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 255.4% | volatile |
| 120 | Ghana | -1.08 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 11.9% | volatile |
| 121 | Colombia | -1.08 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 47.3% | volatile |
| 122 | Bhutan | -1.08 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 67.1% | volatile |
| 123 | Suriname | -1.1 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 63.0% | volatile |
| 124 | Kiribati | -1.1 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 66.8% | volatile |
| 125 | Namibia | -1.11 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 77.1% | volatile |
| 126 | Tuvalu | -1.11 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 52.5% | volatile |
| 127 | Cook Islands | -1.11 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 47.9% | volatile |
| 128 | Uruguay | -1.12 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 202.7% | volatile |
| 129 | Niue | -1.14 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 14.2% | volatile |
| 130 | Zimbabwe | -1.14 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 105.2% | volatile |
| 131 | Western Sahara | -1.14 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 41.8% | volatile |
| 132 | Morocco | -1.15 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 54.9% | volatile |
| 133 | Senegal | -1.19 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 23.7% | volatile |
| 134 | Peru | -1.2 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 27.7% | volatile |
| 135 | Niger | -1.21 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 10.7% | volatile |
| 136 | Syrian Arab Republic | -1.24 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 28.8% | volatile |
| 137 | Canada | -1.24 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 35.0% | volatile |
| 138 | Kazakhstan | -1.25 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 209.6% | volatile |
| 139 | Serbia | -1.25 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 38.9% | volatile |
| 140 | Tokelau | -1.28 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 25.0% | volatile |
| 141 | Germany | -1.3 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 282.8% | volatile |
| 142 | Tonga | -1.32 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 30.7% | volatile |
| 143 | Micronesia (Federated States of) | -1.33 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 10.1% | volatile |
| 144 | Guam | -1.35 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 82.0% | volatile |
| 145 | Guatemala | -1.37 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 35.3% | volatile |
| 146 | Iraq | -1.37 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 39.7% | volatile |
| 147 | Mali | -1.37 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 179.3% | volatile |
| 148 | Congo | -1.38 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 21.9% | volatile |
| 149 | Sao Tome and Principe | -1.38 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 19.5% | volatile |
| 150 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | -1.38 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 49.5% | volatile |
| 151 | Samoa | -1.39 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 17.0% | volatile |
| 152 | Sudan | -1.39 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 6.1% | volatile |
| 153 | United Republic of Tanzania | -1.39 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 476.2% | volatile |
| 154 | Turkmenistan | -1.39 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 179.2% | volatile |
| 155 | French Guiana | -1.4 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 65.4% | volatile |
| 156 | Vanuatu | -1.4 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 183.8% | volatile |
| 157 | Cambodia | -1.41 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 332.3% | volatile |
| 158 | Nauru | -1.42 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 243.9% | volatile |
| 159 | Kuwait | -1.42 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 28.6% | volatile |
| 160 | Togo | -1.43 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 30.8% | volatile |
| 161 | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | -1.43 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 33.3% | volatile |
| 162 | Comoros | -1.45 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 15.8% | volatile |
| 163 | Jordan | -1.49 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 55.2% | volatile |
| 164 | Côte d'Ivoire | -1.52 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 43.2% | volatile |
| 165 | Seychelles | -1.52 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 83.7% | volatile |
| 166 | Chad | -1.53 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 59.9% | volatile |
| 167 | Mauritania | -1.53 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 134.0% | volatile |
| 168 | Nigeria | -1.54 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 13.5% | volatile |
| 169 | Mexico | -1.55 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 41.9% | volatile |
| 170 | Pakistan | -1.56 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 17.2% | volatile |
| 171 | Madagascar | -1.59 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 14.9% | volatile |
| 172 | Mozambique | -1.59 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 0.2% | volatile |
| 173 | Haiti | -1.59 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 47.1% | volatile |
| 174 | Saint Martin (French part) | -1.63 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 16.4% | volatile |
| 175 | Angola | -1.63 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 14.6% | volatile |
| 176 | Liberia | -1.64 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 39.2% | volatile |
| 177 | Kenya | -1.66 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 57.7% | volatile |
| 178 | Djibouti | -1.66 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 20.6% | volatile |
| 179 | Northern Mariana Islands | -1.68 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 126.9% | volatile |
| 180 | Benin | -1.68 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 381.0% | volatile |
| 181 | Cameroon | -1.71 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 10.4% | volatile |
| 182 | Eswatini | -1.71 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 93.0% | volatile |
| 183 | Solomon Islands | -1.74 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 977.0% | volatile |
| 184 | Gabon | -1.75 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 6.8% | volatile |
| 185 | Tajikistan | -1.76 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 601.4% | volatile |
| 186 | Gambia | -1.77 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 23.3% | volatile |
| 187 | Zambia | -1.77 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 25.4% | volatile |
| 188 | Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba | -1.8 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 125.0% | volatile |
| 189 | Algeria | -1.81 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 5,524.1% | volatile |
| 190 | Afghanistan | -1.87 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 5.3% | volatile |
| 191 | State of Palestine | -1.9 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 25.0% | volatile |
| 192 | Botswana | -1.9 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 133.7% | volatile |
| 193 | Guinea-Bissau | -1.92 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 31.4% | volatile |
| 194 | Eritrea | -1.93 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 18.0% | volatile |
| 195 | Malawi | -1.94 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 33.7% | volatile |
| 196 | Libya | -1.96 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 245.7% | volatile |
| 197 | Somalia | -1.97 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 99.7% | volatile |
| 198 | Guinea | -2 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 29.1% | volatile |
| 199 | Ecuador | -2.04 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 65.1% | volatile |
| 200 | Burundi | -2.05 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 20.3% | volatile |
| 201 | Burkina Faso | -2.08 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 25.6% | volatile |
| 202 | Papua New Guinea | -2.09 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 26.0% | volatile |
| 203 | Rwanda | -2.12 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 36.9% | volatile |
| 204 | Equatorial Guinea | -2.13 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 22.2% | volatile |
| 205 | Sierra Leone | -2.19 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 41.9% | volatile |
| 206 | Mongolia | -2.22 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 130.3% | volatile |
| 207 | Ethiopia | -2.28 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 37.8% | volatile |
| 208 | Mauritius | -2.28 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 43.7% | volatile |
| 209 | Uganda | -2.39 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 17.4% | volatile |
| 210 | United States | -2.46 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 108.4% | volatile |
| 211 | South Sudan | -2.52 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 4.7% | volatile |
| 212 | Finland | -2.88 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 0.4% | volatile |
| 213 | Denmark | -3.08 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 0.1% | volatile |
| 214 | Iceland | -3.08 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 34.7% | volatile |
| 215 | Timor-Leste | -3.36 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 24.6% | volatile |
| 216 | China | -3.38 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 27.5% | volatile |
| 217 | Italy | -3.39 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 33.2% | volatile |
| 218 | Israel | -3.61 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 686.5% | volatile |
| 219 | Japan | -3.82 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 504.5% | volatile |
| 220 | Croatia | -4.05 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 11.7% | volatile |
| 221 | Hungary | -4.13 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 444.3% | volatile |
| 222 | Montenegro | -4.15 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 547.8% | volatile |
| 223 | Estonia | -4.26 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 79.5% | volatile |
| 224 | Lithuania | -5.43 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 980.5% | volatile |
| 225 | Netherlands | -5.55 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 144.1% | volatile |
| 226 | Austria | -6.6 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 2,274.5% | volatile |
| 227 | Montserrat | -6.6 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 27.1% | volatile |
| 228 | France | -6.88 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 704.8% | volatile |
| 229 | Chile | -7.01 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 950.6% | volatile |
| 230 | Sweden | -7.02 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 789.5% | volatile |
| 231 | Republic of Korea | -7.69 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 44.1% | volatile |
| 232 | North Macedonia | -7.75 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 3,209.3% | volatile |
| 233 | Belarus | -8.9 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 388.9% | volatile |
| 234 | Latvia | -8.98 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 256.2% | volatile |
| 235 | Czechia | -10.51 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 2,000.4% | volatile |
| 236 | Belgium | -10.86 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 438.2% | volatile |
How this figure is calculated
The year-on-year percentage change in Womens educational attainment vs fertility. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Computed from
- Womens educational attainment vs fertility Our World in Data
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
The year-on-year percentage change in Womens educational attainment vs fertility. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.