Proportion of pupils enrolled in lower secondary general education who are at least 2 years over-age for their current grade, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA) by country
February 2026 Data Release
Countries reporting
184
Highest
2 GPIA
Tuvalu
Lowest
0 GPIA
Montserrat
Median
0.7746 GPIA
Years covered
29
1997–2025
Data points
6,566
What the numbers show
Proportion of pupils enrolled in lower secondary general education who are at least 2 years over-age for their current grade, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA) is currently reported for 184 countries. The highest value is 2 GPIA in Tuvalu; the lowest is 0 GPIA in Montserrat.
The median across all reporting countries is 0.7746 GPIA, and the mean is 0.7799 GPIA.
Over the past decade 76 countries rose and 98 fell. The largest increase was in Croatia (up 647.0%), and the largest decrease in Cook Islands (down 100.0%).
Proportion of pupils enrolled in lower secondary general education: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tuvalu | 2 GPIA | 2024 | up 56.9% | volatile |
| 2 | Anguilla | 1.73 GPIA | 2023 | up 91.8% | volatile |
| 3 | Malta | 1.24 GPIA | 2023 | up 76.2% | rising |
| 4 | Naoero | 1.21 GPIA | 2025 | — | rising |
| 5 | Indonesia | 1.21 GPIA | 2025 | up 53.9% | rising |
| 6 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 1.18 GPIA | 2024 | up 183.0% | rising |
| 7 | Chad | 1.13 GPIA | 2024 | up 23.8% | rising |
| 8 | Sweden | 1.11 GPIA | 2024 | up 32.2% | rising |
| 9 | Kenya | 1.07 GPIA | 2023 | up 22.8% | falling |
| 10 | Lebanon | 1.06 GPIA | 2024 | up 12.7% | falling |
| 11 | Tokelau | 1.05 GPIA | 2025 | — | volatile |
| 12 | Nepal | 1.05 GPIA | 2024 | down 8.9% | falling |
| 13 | Mali | 1.05 GPIA | 2023 | up 7.1% | flat |
| 14 | San Marino | 1.03 GPIA | 2024 | down 13.1% | falling |
| 15 | Ukraine | 1.01 GPIA | 2024 | down 0.9% | flat |
| 16 | Palestine, State of | 1.01 GPIA | 2023 | up 42.9% | flat |
| 17 | Uruguay | 1 GPIA | 2022 | up 19.0% | rising |
| 18 | United Arab Emirates | 1 GPIA | 2024 | unchanged | rising |
| 18 | Bermuda | 1 GPIA | 2023 | unchanged | flat |
| 18 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 1 GPIA | 2023 | unchanged | flat |
| 18 | Gibraltar | 1 GPIA | 2024 | unchanged | flat |
| 18 | Guyana | 1 GPIA | 2023 | up 89.6% | rising |
| 18 | Iceland | 1 GPIA | 2023 | down 50.0% | falling |
| 18 | Mauritania | 1 GPIA | 2024 | up 0.0% | flat |
| 18 | Malaysia | 1 GPIA | 2024 | unchanged | flat |
| 18 | Norway | 1 GPIA | 2024 | unchanged | flat |
| 18 | Niue | 1 GPIA | 2024 | unchanged | volatile |
| 28 | Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | 1 GPIA | 2024 | up 40.4% | rising |
| 29 | Belarus | 0.9986 GPIA | 2024 | down 0.0% | flat |
| 30 | Burkina Faso | 0.996 GPIA | 2024 | down 0.4% | flat |
| 31 | Türkiye | 0.9916 GPIA | 2023 | down 15.2% | falling |
| 32 | Papua New Guinea | 0.986 GPIA | 2023 | down 1.5% | flat |
| 33 | Armenia | 0.9811 GPIA | 2024 | up 18.4% | falling |
| 34 | Niger | 0.976 GPIA | 2024 | up 3.8% | flat |
| 35 | Liberia | 0.976 GPIA | 2022 | down 0.8% | flat |
| 36 | Solomon Islands | 0.9759 GPIA | 2023 | up 1.1% | rising |
| 37 | Senegal | 0.9677 GPIA | 2024 | down 2.3% | falling |
| 38 | Azerbaijan | 0.967 GPIA | 2025 | down 9.8% | flat |
| 39 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.9651 GPIA | 2023 | up 60.7% | rising |
| 40 | Suriname | 0.9636 GPIA | 2024 | down 8.0% | rising |
| 41 | Monaco | 0.9535 GPIA | 2024 | down 4.6% | falling |
| 42 | Rwanda | 0.95 GPIA | 2024 | up 3.5% | flat |
| 43 | Sierra Leone | 0.9496 GPIA | 2024 | down 5.3% | flat |
| 44 | Cape Verde | 0.9291 GPIA | 2022 | up 16.5% | falling |
| 45 | Bangladesh | 0.9276 GPIA | 2024 | down 21.3% | rising |
| 46 | Argentina | 0.9224 GPIA | 2023 | down 7.8% | falling |
| 47 | Serbia | 0.9206 GPIA | 2024 | up 43.2% | rising |
| 48 | Tonga | 0.9197 GPIA | 2024 | up 5.4% | rising |
| 49 | Côte d'Ivoire | 0.9189 GPIA | 2024 | down 6.5% | flat |
| 50 | Equatorial Guinea | 0.9152 GPIA | 2015 | down 3.7% | falling |
| 51 | Eritrea | 0.9147 GPIA | 2022 | up 19.3% | falling |
| 52 | New Zealand | 0.9117 GPIA | 2024 | up 5.9% | flat |
| 53 | India | 0.9092 GPIA | 2025 | down 6.4% | falling |
| 54 | Denmark | 0.9007 GPIA | 2024 | up 36.7% | rising |
| 55 | Saudi Arabia | 0.9001 GPIA | 2024 | up 4.0% | rising |
| 56 | Ethiopia | 0.8968 GPIA | 2024 | up 14.3% | rising |
| 57 | Bhutan | 0.8946 GPIA | 2024 | up 1.5% | flat |
| 58 | North Macedonia | 0.8921 GPIA | 2023 | up 22.8% | rising |
| 59 | Liechtenstein | 0.8906 GPIA | 2021 | up 75.3% | rising |
| 60 | Gambia | 0.8903 GPIA | 2025 | up 9.5% | flat |
| 61 | Central African Republic | 0.8886 GPIA | 2012 | down 3.2% | flat |
| 62 | Burundi | 0.8848 GPIA | 2020 | down 7.1% | flat |
| 63 | Jordan | 0.8833 GPIA | 2024 | down 34.3% | falling |
| 64 | Ireland | 0.8619 GPIA | 2022 | up 88.6% | rising |
| 65 | Belgium | 0.8615 GPIA | 2023 | up 6.5% | rising |
| 66 | Sri Lanka | 0.8604 GPIA | 2023 | up 28.8% | rising |
| 67 | Djibouti | 0.8595 GPIA | 2023 | down 5.8% | falling |
| 68 | Malawi | 0.8555 GPIA | 2024 | down 0.2% | flat |
| 69 | Myanmar | 0.8517 GPIA | 2018 | down 13.6% | flat |
| 70 | Nicaragua | 0.8446 GPIA | 2010 | down 1.7% | flat |
| 71 | Uganda | 0.8434 GPIA | 2017 | up 9.6% | rising |
| 72 | Afghanistan | 0.8319 GPIA | 2023 | down 17.2% | falling |
| 73 | Luxembourg | 0.8315 GPIA | 2024 | down 3.1% | falling |
| 74 | Vanuatu | 0.8313 GPIA | 2024 | down 1.2% | rising |
| 75 | Mauritius | 0.831 GPIA | 2024 | down 0.8% | rising |
| 76 | Benin | 0.8262 GPIA | 2022 | down 5.3% | falling |
| 77 | Togo | 0.8261 GPIA | 2024 | down 6.9% | falling |
| 78 | Honduras | 0.826 GPIA | 2024 | down 2.0% | falling |
| 79 | Guatemala | 0.8259 GPIA | 2024 | up 10.4% | falling |
| 80 | Comoros | 0.824 GPIA | 2024 | down 7.0% | falling |
| 81 | Singapore | 0.823 GPIA | 2023 | up 41.5% | flat |
| 82 | Sao Tome and Principe | 0.8226 GPIA | 2017 | down 14.9% | falling |
| 83 | Guinea | 0.8222 GPIA | 2020 | down 5.9% | falling |
| 84 | Eswatini | 0.8211 GPIA | 2022 | down 3.8% | rising |
| 85 | Zambia | 0.8166 GPIA | 2013 | up 20.7% | rising |
| 86 | Australia | 0.8161 GPIA | 2024 | up 13.6% | rising |
| 87 | Madagascar | 0.8044 GPIA | 2024 | down 2.6% | falling |
| 88 | Switzerland | 0.7992 GPIA | 2024 | down 1.0% | flat |
| 89 | United States of America | 0.7923 GPIA | 2023 | up 5.7% | rising |
| 90 | Mozambique | 0.7853 GPIA | 2022 | down 6.4% | falling |
| 91 | Republic of Korea | 0.7773 GPIA | 2024 | up 6.2% | rising |
| 92 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.7753 GPIA | 2025 | up 7.6% | rising |
| 93 | Peru | 0.7739 GPIA | 2024 | up 0.4% | flat |
| 94 | Hong Kong, China | 0.7723 GPIA | 2024 | up 18.6% | falling |
| 95 | Yemen | 0.7611 GPIA | 2016 | down 12.2% | flat |
| 96 | El Salvador | 0.7604 GPIA | 2024 | up 13.1% | falling |
| 97 | Marshall Islands | 0.7594 GPIA | 2024 | down 1.9% | flat |
| 98 | Palau | 0.7591 GPIA | 2024 | up 99.1% | rising |
| 99 | Kiribati | 0.7572 GPIA | 2024 | up 12.3% | rising |
| 100 | Austria | 0.757 GPIA | 2024 | up 7.7% | rising |
| 101 | Egypt | 0.7551 GPIA | 2024 | up 0.2% | flat |
| 102 | Micronesia, Federated States of | 0.7511 GPIA | 2024 | up 4.7% | flat |
| 103 | Montenegro | 0.7505 GPIA | 2023 | up 51.3% | rising |
| 104 | Mexico | 0.7503 GPIA | 2024 | up 29.1% | rising |
| 105 | Cameroon | 0.749 GPIA | 2023 | down 9.6% | falling |
| 106 | Costa Rica | 0.7409 GPIA | 2024 | down 8.8% | falling |
| 107 | Panama | 0.7337 GPIA | 2024 | up 8.1% | flat |
| 108 | Zimbabwe | 0.7297 GPIA | 2024 | up 4.3% | rising |
| 109 | Ecuador | 0.724 GPIA | 2024 | down 5.4% | rising |
| 110 | Lesotho | 0.7218 GPIA | 2024 | down 5.7% | falling |
| 111 | Colombia | 0.7164 GPIA | 2022 | down 12.3% | falling |
| 112 | Estonia | 0.7092 GPIA | 2024 | up 28.3% | rising |
| 113 | Samoa | 0.7087 GPIA | 2024 | down 1.1% | flat |
| 114 | Georgia | 0.7081 GPIA | 2024 | down 13.4% | falling |
| 115 | Bahamas | 0.7071 GPIA | 2010 | up 47.9% | rising |
| 116 | Syrian Arab Republic | 0.706 GPIA | 2024 | down 5.7% | flat |
| 117 | France | 0.7057 GPIA | 2024 | down 7.8% | falling |
| 118 | Aruba | 0.7011 GPIA | 2014 | down 6.4% | falling |
| 119 | Greece | 0.6987 GPIA | 2023 | up 24.8% | rising |
| 120 | Republic of Moldova | 0.6975 GPIA | 2024 | up 5.6% | falling |
| 121 | Trinidad and Tobago | 0.6971 GPIA | 2024 | up 4.3% | falling |
| 122 | Belize | 0.6927 GPIA | 2024 | up 22.2% | falling |
| 123 | Timor-Leste | 0.6917 GPIA | 2020 | down 20.4% | falling |
| 124 | Uzbekistan | 0.688 GPIA | 2025 | down 17.5% | falling |
| 125 | Cyprus | 0.6857 GPIA | 2024 | up 18.4% | rising |
| 126 | Bahrain | 0.6843 GPIA | 2024 | down 14.2% | flat |
| 127 | Romania | 0.6841 GPIA | 2023 | up 18.7% | rising |
| 128 | Italy | 0.6835 GPIA | 2023 | up 12.8% | rising |
| 129 | Cambodia | 0.68 GPIA | 2024 | down 13.3% | falling |
| 130 | Spain | 0.6778 GPIA | 2024 | down 5.6% | falling |
| 131 | Hungary | 0.6748 GPIA | 2024 | up 7.8% | rising |
| 132 | Namibia | 0.6742 GPIA | 2024 | down 11.7% | falling |
| 133 | Kuwait | 0.6647 GPIA | 2021 | down 10.8% | falling |
| 134 | Fiji | 0.6646 GPIA | 2024 | up 6.3% | rising |
| 135 | Andorra | 0.6616 GPIA | 2024 | up 7.8% | falling |
| 136 | Bulgaria | 0.6601 GPIA | 2024 | down 34.0% | falling |
| 137 | Kazakhstan | 0.6555 GPIA | 2025 | down 5.8% | rising |
| 138 | Paraguay | 0.6532 GPIA | 2024 | down 10.6% | falling |
| 139 | Albania | 0.6491 GPIA | 2024 | down 4.6% | flat |
| 140 | Jamaica | 0.6469 GPIA | 2024 | up 15.5% | rising |
| 141 | Tanzania, United Republic of | 0.644 GPIA | 2024 | down 5.6% | falling |
| 142 | Portugal | 0.6424 GPIA | 2023 | down 6.2% | falling |
| 143 | Thailand | 0.6419 GPIA | 2025 | up 9.6% | rising |
| 144 | Tunisia | 0.6398 GPIA | 2023 | down 2.0% | flat |
| 145 | Saint Lucia | 0.6337 GPIA | 2024 | up 43.1% | falling |
| 146 | Botswana | 0.6329 GPIA | 2022 | down 1.9% | falling |
| 147 | Chile | 0.6245 GPIA | 2024 | down 0.6% | flat |
| 148 | Czechia | 0.6216 GPIA | 2023 | down 0.3% | flat |
| 149 | Croatia | 0.6209 GPIA | 2023 | up 647.0% | rising |
| 150 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | 0.6208 GPIA | 2025 | down 16.5% | falling |
| 151 | Brazil | 0.6158 GPIA | 2024 | down 5.2% | falling |
| 152 | Mongolia | 0.6103 GPIA | 2024 | down 27.4% | falling |
| 153 | Israel | 0.5986 GPIA | 2024 | down 13.0% | falling |
| 154 | Slovenia | 0.5954 GPIA | 2023 | down 8.6% | falling |
| 155 | Puerto Rico | 0.5951 GPIA | 2024 | up 11.0% | rising |
| 156 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.5944 GPIA | 2023 | down 18.4% | rising |
| 157 | Bolivia, Plurinational State of | 0.5867 GPIA | 2024 | down 17.9% | falling |
| 158 | Macau, China | 0.5841 GPIA | 2024 | down 4.7% | falling |
| 159 | Poland | 0.584 GPIA | 2024 | — | rising |
| 160 | Brunei Darussalam | 0.5627 GPIA | 2024 | down 18.1% | rising |
| 161 | Dominican Republic | 0.5504 GPIA | 2024 | down 5.2% | falling |
| 162 | Morocco | 0.5504 GPIA | 2024 | down 1.1% | falling |
| 163 | Philippines | 0.5463 GPIA | 2024 | down 15.2% | falling |
| 164 | Qatar | 0.5347 GPIA | 2024 | down 35.9% | falling |
| 165 | Barbados | 0.5338 GPIA | 2024 | down 1.9% | falling |
| 166 | Latvia | 0.5292 GPIA | 2024 | up 3.9% | flat |
| 167 | Ghana | 0.5123 GPIA | 2024 | down 44.6% | falling |
| 168 | Lithuania | 0.4869 GPIA | 2024 | down 8.9% | falling |
| 169 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0.4794 GPIA | 2024 | up 1.8% | falling |
| 170 | Cuba | 0.4787 GPIA | 2024 | up 23.3% | rising |
| 171 | Algeria | 0.4625 GPIA | 2025 | down 21.5% | falling |
| 172 | Seychelles | 0.4516 GPIA | 2024 | down 50.5% | volatile |
| 173 | Cayman Islands | 0.4478 GPIA | 2024 | down 64.7% | volatile |
| 174 | Dominica | 0.4197 GPIA | 2023 | up 9.3% | falling |
| 175 | Antigua and Barbuda | 0.414 GPIA | 2023 | down 8.8% | falling |
| 176 | South Africa | 0.4081 GPIA | 2023 | down 61.2% | falling |
| 177 | Tajikistan | 0.3836 GPIA | 2017 | down 25.3% | falling |
| 178 | British Virgin Islands | 0.3531 GPIA | 2024 | down 40.3% | falling |
| 179 | Maldives | 0.3197 GPIA | 2024 | down 68.9% | falling |
| 180 | Iran, Islamic Republic of | 0.3152 GPIA | 2023 | down 40.9% | rising |
| 181 | Grenada | 0.2199 GPIA | 2024 | down 44.0% | falling |
| 182 | Oman | 0.0258 GPIA | 2024 | down 96.7% | falling |
| 183 | Cook Islands | 0 GPIA | 2024 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 183 | Montserrat | 0 GPIA | 2023 | down 100.0% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- WB: Pacific Island Small States 1.47 GPIA
- WB: Europe & Central Asia (excluding High Income) 1.41 GPIA
- MDG: Caribbean 1.38 GPIA
- GPE: Latin America & Caribbean Wb Fy24, December 2024 1.29 GPIA
- GPE: Small Island and Landlocked Developing States, December 2024 1.28 GPIA
- UNICEF: Europe and Central Asia Programme Countries 1.28 GPIA
- GPE: Non Fragile & Non Conflict-affected Countries (non-fcac) Fy24, December 2024 1.16 GPIA
- GPE: Upper Middle Income Wb Fy24, December 2024 1.15 GPIA
- WB: Lower Middle Income (july 2025) 1.04 GPIA
- ESCAP: Countries With Special Needs (csn) (unsdcode:98434) 1.03 GPIA
- GPE: High Income Wb Fy24, December 2024 1 GPIA
- SDG: Landlocked Developing Countries 0.9934 GPIA
- ESCAP: Wb Lower Middle Income Economies (wb_lower_mid) (unsdcode:98438) 0.9756 GPIA
- ECA: Central Africa (unsdcode:98101) 0.9469 GPIA
- MDG: Oceania 0.9379 GPIA
- SDG: Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand) 0.9379 GPIA
- ESCAP: Pacific Island Developing Economies (pide) (unsdcode:98427) 0.9376 GPIA
- GPE: Overall Fy24, All 90 Countries, December 2024 0.9325 GPIA
- WB: Early-demographic Dividend 0.9288 GPIA
- ESCAP: Saarc (saarc) (unsdcode:98428) 0.9223 GPIA
- UNICEF: South Asia 0.9223 GPIA
- ECA: Small Island States (unsdcode:98125) 0.915 GPIA
- ECA: Oil Producing Economies (unsdcode:98123) 0.8929 GPIA
- WB: South Asia 0.8887 GPIA
- WB: South Asia (ida & Ibrd) 0.8887 GPIA
- UNESCO: Sids 0.8821 GPIA
- ECA: Cen-sad (unsdcode:98112) 0.8794 GPIA
- MDG: Developing Regions 0.8787 GPIA
- AIMS: South and West Asia 0.8694 GPIA
- MDG: Southern Asia 0.8694 GPIA
- SDG: Southern Asia 0.8694 GPIA
- UIS: South and West Asia 0.8694 GPIA
- UNICEF: Gulf Area 0.8647 GPIA
- SDG: Central and Southern Asia 0.8624 GPIA
- ECA: Comesa (unsdcode:98113) 0.8598 GPIA
- WB: Ida & Ibrd Total 0.8591 GPIA
- WB: Low & Middle Income (july 2025) 0.8585 GPIA
- UNICEF: All Unicef Countries 0.8511 GPIA
- SDG: Small Island Developing States 0.8496 GPIA
- GPE: Middle East & North Africa Wb Fy24, December 2024 0.8417 GPIA
About this data
February 2026 Data Release